A nested case-control study on the association of neonatal cord blood selenium, iron and copper with congenital heart disease / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective: To investigate the relationship between the levels of selenium, iron and copper in cord blood of neonates and the risk of congenital heart disease (CHD), and analyze their interaction effects. Methods: The subjects were obtained from the birth cohort in Lanzhou area established from 2010 to 2012. A baseline survey was conducted in the first trimester, and the follow-up was conducted in the second trimester, third trimester and 42 days after delivery. The umbilical vein blood was collected from newborns at delivery, and information on their birth outcomes was extracted from medical records. A nested case-control study was used to select 97 neonates with CHD newly diagnosed by echocardiography as the case group, and 194 neonates were selected as the control group by 1∶2 matching according to their mother's age, block and CHD onset time. Inductively coupled ion mass spectrometry was used to detect the concentrations of selenium, iron and copper in neonatal cord blood. The element exposure was categorized into three groups, the low, medium and high concentrations, according to the quartiles Q1 and Q3 of selenium, iron and copper concentrations in the control group. The association between cord blood selenium, iron and copper concentrations and CHD was analyzed by conditional logistic regression model using medium concentration as the reference standard. The association of their interactions with CHD was analyzed by a phase multiplication model. Results: The M (Q1, Q3) concentration of neonatal cord blood copper was 746.12 (467.48, 759.74) μg/L in the case group and 535.69 (425.21, 587.79) μg/L in the control group, with a statistically significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). After adjustment for confounders, logistic regression models showed that the risk of CHD development was increased in neonates with either high copper in cord blood (OR=4.062, 95%CI: 2.013-8.199) or high copper combined with high iron (OR=3.226, 95%CI: 1.343-7.750). No correlation was observed between selenium and iron concentrations and the development of CHD in neonates. There was a multiplicative interaction between copper and iron in cord blood on the risk of developing CHD (OR=1.303, 95%CI: 1.056-1.608). Conclusion: There is a multiplicative interaction between iron and copper elements. The high copper and the high copper combined with high iron in umbilical cord blood are risk factors for neonatal CHD.

Prevalence of inadequacy and associated indicators with mineral intake in Brazilian adolescents and young adults / Prevalência de inadequação e fatores associados à ingestão adequada de minerais em adolescentes e adultos jovens brasileiros

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the prevalence of inadequate mineral intake and associated factors with calcium, iron, zinc, magnesium, phosphorus, and sodium intakes in individuals aged 15-24.9 years. Methods We analyzed 476 individuals from the Brazilian Study of Nutrition and Health, stratified into two age groups (adolescents aged 15-18.9 years and young adults aged 19-24.9 years). Mineral intake was obtained from two 24-hour Dietary Recalls. The values of the Estimated Average Requirement and the Tolerable Upper Intake Levels were considered to calculate the prevalence of inadequacy. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine associated factors with mineral intake. Results Calcium and magnesium had the highest prevalence of inadequacy (>83%) in both sexes and age groups. Sodium intake was above Tolerable Upper Intake Levels for the majority of the population studied (>68%). The intake of all minerals was different between the sexes for the two age groups (p<0.01), and it was not different between age groups (p>0.05). The associated factors with mineral intake were sex (calcium, iron, phosphorus, and sodium), age group (calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and sodium), and physical activity (calcium, iron, and magnesium), followed by socioeconomic level (zinc and sodium) and body weight status (iron and sodium). Conclusion The expressive portion of the studied population is at nutritional risk for calcium, magnesium, and sodium. Such data can contribute to the national public policy revision that is related to micronutrient intake and the adoption of healthier habits by adolescents and young adults.

RESUMO Objetivo Descrever as prevalências de inadequação e fatores associados à ingestão de cálcio, ferro, zinco, magnésio, fósforo e sódio em indivíduos dos 15 aos 24,9 anos. Métodos Foram analisados 476 indivíduos do Estudo Brasileiro de Nutrição e Saúde, estratificados em dois grupos etários (adolescentes de 15-18,9 anos e adultos jovens de 19-24,9 anos). A ingestão de minerais foi obtida por meio de dois recordatórios de 24hs. Os valores de Requerimento Médio Estimado e do Limite Superior Tolerável de Ingestão foram considerados para calcular as prevalências de inadequação. Regressão logística múltipla foi utilizada para determinar os fatores associados à ingestão de minerais. Resultados Cálcio e magnésio tiveram elevadas prevalências de inadequação (>83%) em pacientes de ambos os sexos e grupos etários. A ingestão de sódio foi acima Limite Superior Tolerável de Ingestão para a maioria da população estudada (>68%). O consumo de todos os minerais foi diferente entre os sexos para os dois grupos etários (p<0,01) e não foi diferente entre os grupos etários (p>0,05). Os fatores associados à ingestão dos minerais foram sexo (cálcio, ferro, fósforo e sódio), grupo etário (cálcio, magnésio, fósforo e sódio) e atividade física (cálcio, ferro e magnésio), seguidos por nível socioeconômico (zinco e sódio) e estado de peso corporal (ferro e sódio). Conclusão Expressiva parcela da população estudada encontra-se em risco nutricional para cálcio, magnésio e sódio. Esses dados podem contribuir para a revisão de políticas públicas nacionais que se relacionam à ingestão de micronutrientes e à adoção de hábitos mais saudáveis pelos adolescentes e adultos jovens.

Iron and Zinc Determination in Dietary Supplements by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

Abstract Recent studies have demonstrated that 30% of the world's population suffers of anemia, half of the cases are related to iron deficiency, and the most common treatment is the use of iron supplementation. In this framework, the iron and zinc determination from different dietary supplements was performed by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Concerning the dissolution of supplements, direct acid dissolution, wet digestion, and microwave digestion (MW) techniques were used for sample preparation. The iron and zinc recovery results demonstrated that the MW technique was the most appropriate for all of the supplements with the highest metal recovery yields. Moreover, the method validation parameters referred to a linear range for iron of 0.1-4 mg L-1 with a regression coefficient (R2) of 0.9998 ± 0.002, while for zinc it was 0.01-1 mg L-1 (R2 = 0.9997 ± 0.003). The limit of detection and quantification values were calculated as 0.03 and 0.09 mg L-1 for iron and 0.01 and 0.02 mg L-1 for zinc, respectively. The accuracy of the method was evaluated from the % recovery yield for iron and zinc, which, respectively, resulted in an oscillate of 99.2% to 102%, and 99.4% to 100.4% for the dietary investigated supplements. The precision of the method was determined by intra-day and inter-day precision with a relative standard deviation that was <2.0%

Huevos de tinamou (nothoprocta perdicaria): una nueva alternativa en Chile / Chilean tinamou eggs (nothoprocta perdicaria): a new alternative in Chile

El objetivo de esta revisión fue comparar algunas características nutricionales y de calidad de huevos de tinamou, con huevos de gallina y codorniz. Los huevos de tinamou contienen menos extracto etéreo y proteína en yema, y similar cantidad de proteínas en clara que huevos de gallina y codorniz. La clara del huevo de tinamou contiene más hierro (0,5 mg/100g) que huevos de gallina y codorniz (0,1-0,2 mg/100g). El ácido oleico es el principal ácido graso de la yema de huevos de tinamou, al igual que los otros. El contenido de colesterol en yema de huevo de tinamou (21,2 mg/g) es mayor a los rangos descritos en huevos de gallina (10,9-16,3 mg/g) y codorniz (11,1-15,9 mg/g). El huevo de tinamou tiene un aspecto físico distinto a huevos de gallina y codorniz, la cáscara es de color chocolate oscuro, pesa en promedio 35 g, sus dimensiones son de 50 x 36 mm, y tienen una unidad Haugh inferior a lo registrado para huevos de gallina y codorniz. El huevo de tinamou es una alternativa muy nutritiva como alimento, de características nutricionales similares a huevos de gallina y codorniz, a excepción de su mayor contenido de colesterol en yema y hierro en clara.

The objective of this review was to compare the nutritional characteristics and quality of tinamou eggs. Tinamou eggs have less ether extract and protein in the yolk, they also have a similar quantity of protein in the egg white than hen and quail eggs. The egg white of the tinamou egg has more iron (0,5 mg/100g) compared to hen and quail eggs (0,1-0,2 mg/100g). Oleic acid is the main fatty acid in all three types of eggs. On the other hand, the amount of cholesterol in the tinamou yolk (21,2 mg/g) is higher than the amounts described for hen eggs (10,9-16,3 mg/g) and those of quail (11,1-15,9 mg/g). In terms of the physical characteristics, the tinamou eggshell has a chocolate color, weighs an average of 35g, has a length about 50 x 36 mm and has an inferior Haugh unity than hen and quail eggs. The tinamou egg represents a high nutritive alternative with similar nutritional characteristics compared to hen and quail eggs, with the exception of cholesterol in the yolk and iron in the egg white.

Demetallization of Enterococcus faecalis biofilm: a preliminary study

Abstract Objectives To determine the concentration of calcium, iron, manganese and zinc ions after the application of chelator to Enterococcus faecalis biofilms. Material and Methods Fifty bovine maxillary central incisors were prepared and inoculated with E. faecalis for 60 days. The following were used as irrigation solutions: 17% EDTA (pH 3, 7 and 10), 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) combined with 17% EDTA (pH 3, 7 and 10), distilled water (pH 3, 7 and 10), and 2.5% NaOCl. Each solution was kept in the root canal for five minutes. Fifteen uncontaminated root canals were irrigated with 17% EDTA (pH 3, 7 and 10). Six teeth were used as bacterial control. The number of calcium, iron, manganese and zinc ions was determined using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Mean ± standard deviation (SD) values were used for descriptive statistics. Results Calcium chelation using 17% EDTA at pH 7 was higher than at pH 3 and 10, regardless of whether bacterial biofilm was present. The highest concentration of iron occurred at pH 3 in the presence of bacterial biofilm. The highest concentration of manganese found was 2.5% NaOCl and 17% EDTA at pH 7 in the presence of bacterial biofilm. Zinc levels were not detectable. Conclusions The pH of chelating agents affected the removal of calcium, iron, and manganese ions. The concentration of iron ions in root canals with bacterial biofilm was higher after the use of 17% EDTA at pH 3 than after the use of the other solutions at all pH levels.

Determinación de hierro sérico: Evolución del desempeño de los laboratorios participantes del Sub-Programa PEEC-Hematología / Iron serum determination: evolution of performance of participating laboratories of the PEEC-Hematology Sub-Program / Determinação de ferro sérico: Evolução do desempenho dos laboratórios participantes do Sub-Programa PEEC-hematologia

El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la evolución del desempeño analítico en la determinación de hierro sérico, de los laboratorios participantes del Sub- Programa PEEC-Hematología (PEEC-H) del Programa de Evaluación Externa de Calidad Prof. Dr. Daniel Mazziotta de la Fundación Bioquímica Argentina, mediante el análisis de los resultados de ferremia en 6 encuestas (E) realizadas en los meses de julio entre los años 2010 y 2015 (E 77, 81, 85, 89, 93 y 97). Hasta el 2011 se utilizaban métodos con y sin desproteinización, siendo estos últimos los más utilizados (94%). En 2015 en la red de laboratorios se emplearon solamente métodos directos sin desproteinización, siendo los colorimétricos los más utilizados (aproximadamente 95%). El Desvío Relativo Porcentual aceptable (DRPa) fue de ±10% en todas las encuestas analizadas. El 56% de los laboratorios tuvieron un desempeño promedio aceptable en las E 77, 81 y 85, evolucionando 3 años después, a 70% en las E 89, 93 y 97. Según estas consideraciones, al presente no es necesario ajustar el DRPa para el analito hierro, ya que con este valor los laboratorios aún deben trabajar para lograr una mejoría en su desempeño.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the evolution of the analytical performance of serum iron determination by the laboratories participating in the Sub- Program PEEC-Hematology (PEEC-H) EQAS Program Prof. Dr. Daniel Mazziotta of the Argentine Biochemical Foundation. To this end, results of serum iron determinations from July 2010 to July 2015 (surveys #77, 81, 85, 89, 93 and 97) were used. Up to 2011, there were methods both with and without deproteinization, the latter being the most used (94%). In 2015, only one commercial method without deproteinization was used, with colorimetric methods employed in 95% of the cases. In all the surveys analyzed, the acceptable DRP was ±10%. In surveys 77, 81 and 85, 56% of the laboratories had an acceptable performance percentage, and it evolved to a 70% in the surveys 89, 93 and 97, three years later. According to these considerations, there is no need to adjust the acceptable DRP for the iron analyte. In this way, laboratories will continue to work in order to improve their performance.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a evolução do desempenho analítico na determinação de ferro sérico, dos laboratórios participantes no Sub-Programa PEEC-Hematologia (PEEC-H) do Programa de Avaliação Externa de Qualidade Prof. Dr. Daniel Mazziotta da Fundación Bioquímica Argentina, através da análise dos resultados de ferremia em 6 pesquisas de opinião (E) realizadas nos meses de julho entre os anos 2010 a 2015 (Pesquisa No. 77, 81, 85, 89, 93 e 97). Até 2011 eram empregados métodos com e sem desproteinização, sendo os colorimétricos os mais utilizados (aproximadamente 95%). O Desvio Relativo Percentual aceitável (DRPa) foi de ±10% em todas as pesquisas analisadas. 56% dos laboratórios tiveram desempenho médio aceitável nas pesquisas 77, 81 e 85, progredindo para 70% nas pesquisas de 89,93 e 97, 3 anos mais tarde. De acordo com estas considerações, hoje não é necessário ajustar o DRPa para o analito ferro, visto que com esse valor os laboratórios ainda devem trabalhar para alcançar uma melhoria no seu desempenho.

Estudio prospectivo de la concentración de hierro sérico en donantes de plasma durante un año / Prospective study during a year of the iron concentration in plasma donors

Introducción: los donantes regulares de plasmaféresis, tienen pérdidas de masa eritrocitaria que pueden afectar, en dependencia de las individualidades, sus reservas de hierro. Objetivo: determinar comportamiento evolutivo durante un año de la sideremia en donantes de plasmaféresis. Método: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo en 200 donantes de plasma del Banco de Sangre Provincial de Cienfuegos. Se cuantificó de forma seriada la concentración de hierro sérico. Se relacionó la cantidad de individuos con valores bajos del mineral y variables sexo, edad, tiempo donando plasma, frecuencia de donaciones y concentración de hemoglobina. Resultados: los valores grupales promedio de hierro sérico mostraron tendencia a disminuir dentro de la normalidad, aunque se constató en un pequeño grupo déficit de hierro latente y en otro ligera anemia, más frecuente en mujeres, y mayores de 44 años, relacionado con mayor intensidad en cada ciclo de donación y tiempo de permanencia como donante de plasma. Conclusiones: sin llegar a establecer relación causal directa, los resultados de la investigación apuntan hacia el desarrollo de déficit progresivo de hierro en los donantes regulares de plasma,por balance negativo del mineral. Es preciso observar con mayor acercamiento la donación de plasma, que como proceso ético e inocuo, evite efectos no deseados en los donantes(AU)

Introduction: Regular plasmapheresis donors have erythrocytemas losses that can affect, depending on individualities, their iron stores. Aim: To determine evolutionary behavior during one year of serum iron in plasmapheresis donors. Method: A descriptive observational study was carried out on 200 plasma donors from the Provincial Blood Bank of Cienfuegos. The serum iron concentration was serially quantified. The number of individuals with low values of the mineral and variables gender, age, time donating plasma, frequency of donations and hemoglobin concentration were related. Results: The serum iron average showed a tendency to decrease within normal range, although it was found in a small group of latent iron deficiency and in another slight anemia, more frequent in women, and over 44 years old, related to greater intensity in each donation cycle and time of permanence as a plasma donor. Conclusions: Without establishing a direct causal relationship, the results of the research point to the development of progressive iron deficiency in regular plasma donors, due to the negative balance of the mineral. The donation of plasma, as an ethical and harmless process, should be monitored more closely, avoiding undesirable effects on donors(AU)

Nutrition facts and limits for micronutrients in tree species used in urban forestry

ABSTRACT There is a huge lack of researches that evaluate the nutritional limits in tree species used in urban forestry, especially in terms of micronutrients. This study aimed to establish limits and range of micronutrients levels for the proper development of tree species utilized in urban forestry. The study was conducted in the city of Santa Maria-RS-Brazil. Through forest inventory, 23 forest species present in urban forest were selected, and 05 vegetative branches of each tree were collected, in which the contents of B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn were analyzed. Ranges of micronutrients' contents were developed for class limits criteria. Nutritional problems were detected for B, Cu and Zn in G. robusta and S. cumini, indicating a need of fertilization and management of these trees. The levels of Mn were within an adequate range only for the species C. illinoensis and H. chrysotrichus. The contents of B were higher than the level considered adequate for H. chrysotrichusand M. nigra. The rates of Fe showed high levels for E. japonica, H. chrysotrichusand S. babylonica. The estimated nutritional limits enable a greater control in the classification of the results for each tree species utilized in urban forestry.

Prohepcidina y estado del hierro e inflamación en escolares sanos o H. pylori positivos asintomáticos / Prohepcidine iron status and inflammation in healthy and asymptomatic H. pylori school children / Pró-hepcidina estado de ferro e inflamação em estudantes saudáveis ou H. pylori positivos assintomáticos

El eje hepcidina-ferroportina es determinante en la homeostasis del hierro. Niveles elevados de hepcidina reducen la capacidad de absorción intestinal del hierro, así como su movilización entre tejidos. Una condición que produce valores séricos elevados de hepcidina es la infección. Como la infección con Helicobacter pylori (Hp) predispone a una deficiencia de hierro, en este estudio se evaluaron los niveles séricos de Pro-Hepcidina (PH), un precursor de la hepcidina, en un grupo de escolares asintomáticos, infectados con Hp (80 niños) y se los comparó con un grupo similar de niños sanos (59 niños). Los resultados mostraron que los niños infectados en los que se detectó la presencia de Hp (test de aire espirado) tenían valores de proteína C reactiva (PCR) significativamente más altos que los niños sanos. Ambos grupos presentaron valores similares de: adecuación de la ingesta de hierro, ferritina sérica (Fs), hemoglobina, hematocrito, receptores solubles de transferrina. La prevalencia de anemia y deficiencia subclínica de hierro en el grupo total (infectados + no infectados) fue de 10 y 60%, respectivamente sin diferencias entre los grupos. Sin embargo, en el grupo de niños sanos la PH sérica correlacionó significativamente (r=0,730/p<0,001) con los niveles de Fs, mientras que en los niños infectados, los niveles de PH no correlacionaron con la Fs, pero correlacionaron con la severidad de la infección (r=0,52/p<0,001). Esta tendencia de la PH a aumentar con la severidad de la infección podría explicar la mayor prevalencia de deficiencia de hierro en pacientes infectados con Hp.

The hepcidin-ferroportin axis is crucial in iron homeostasis. High serum hepcidine reduces iron intestinal absorption and tissue iron mobilization. Infection and inflammation increase serum hepcidin, predisposing to iron deficiency. Since Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection has been associated to iron deficiency, the serum levels of prohepcidin PH (a precursor of hepcidin) were evaluated in 80 school children infected with Hp but without gastric symptoms. This was compared with PH levels in a group of 59 non Hp infected children. The results showed that infected children (exhaled air method) had higher levels of protein C reactive protein (CRP) than the non-infected group. Both groups had similar levels of iron consumption, serum ferritin (Fs), hemoglobin, hematocrit, soluble transferrin receptors and PH. The prevalence of anemia and of subclinical iron deficiency in the whole group (infected + non-infected) reached 10 and 60% respectively with no differences between groups. However, in the group of non-infected children, serum PH correlated (r=0.730/ p<0.001) with Fs levels whereas in the infected children, PH did not correlate with Fs but it correlated with the severity of the infection (r = 0.52/p<0.001). The tendency of PH to increase with the severity of infection could explain the higher prevalence of iron deficiency seen in Hp infection.

O eixo hepcidina-ferroportina é determinante na homeostase do ferro. Níveis elevados de hepcidina reduzem a capacidade de absorção intestinal do ferro, bem como sua mobilização entre tecidos. Uma condição que produz valores séricos elevados de hepcidina é a infecção. Como a infecção pelo Helicobacter pylori (Hp) predispõe a uma deficiência de ferro, neste estudo foram avaliados os níveis séricos de Pro-hepcidina (PH), um precursor da hepcidina em um grupo de estudantes assintomáticos infectados com Hp (80 crianças) e foram comparados com um grupo similar de crianças saudáveis (59 crianças). Os resultados mostraram que as crianças infectadas em que se detectou a presença de Hp (método de ar exalado) tinham valores de proteína C-reativa (PCR) significativamente mais elevada do que as crianças saudáveis. Ambos os grupos tiveram valores semelhantes de adequação da ingestão de ferro, ferritina sérica (Fs), hemoglobina, hematócrito, receptores solúveis de transferrina. A prevalência de anemia e deficiência subclínica de ferro no grupo total (infectados + não infectados) foi de 10 e 60%, respectivamente, sem diferenças entre os grupos. No entanto, no grupo de crianças saudáveis a PH sérica correlacionou significativamente (r=0,730/p<0,001) com os níveis de Fs, ao passo que em crianças infectadas, os níveis de PH não correlacionaram com a Fs, mas correlacionaram com a gravidade da infecção (r=0,52/p<0,001). Esta tendência da PH a aumentar com a gravidade da infecção poderia explicar a elevada prevalência de deficiência de ferro em pacientes infectados com Hp.

Salivary Iron (Fe) Ion Levels, Serum Markers of Anemia and Caries Activity in Pregnant Women / Níveis de íon ferro (Fe) salivar, marcadores séricos de anemia, e atividade de cárie em mulheres grávidas

Abstract Introduction Anemia is a very frequent event among pregnant women. There are evidences of differences in the incidence of dental caries between pregnant and nonpregnant women, but the relationship between salivary iron (Fe) and serummarkers of anemia and caries development has not been investigated. Objective To evaluate the correlation between salivary (Fe) and serum iron (Fe, ferritin and hemoglobin) parameters in pregnant women with the development of dental caries. Methods A prospective cohort was conducted with 59 women. The outcome of interest was represented by new dental caries lesions during pregnancy, using the Nyvad criteria. Pregnant women were evaluated at three clinical times: up to the 16th week of gestational age (GA) (T1), in the last trimester of pregnancy (T2), and postpartum (T3), at the Mother and Child Unit ofUniversityHospital of the Universidade Federal doMaranhão.A stimulated saliva sample was collected for biochemical analysis of salivary Fe, and a blood sample was collected early in the morning. The correlation between salivary and serum Fe was evaluated through the Pearson correlation test. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Kruskal-Wallis were used to compare the means of anemia parameters at different times. The Student's t and Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare the anemia parameters between the groups of pregnant women (with and without new caries lesions). Results SerumFe concentrationswere higher in the first trimester of pregnancy and lower after delivery (p = 0.036). It was also observed that the ferritin concentrations were higher in the first trimester and lower at the end of gestation (p = 0.011). Therewas no association between the expositions of salivary iron and anemia, and the development of dental caries. There was a positive correlation between serum Fe in T1 and salivary Fe in T2 (p < 0.05). Conclusion The serummarkers of anemiaweremore prevalent in the last trimester of pregnancy.

Resumo Introdução A anemia é um evento muito frequente entre mulhres grávidas. Existem evidências de diferenças na incidência de cárie dentária entre mulheres grávidas e não grávidas,mas a relação entre o íon ferro (Fe) salivar, osmarcadores séricos de anemia e o desenvolvimento de cárie não foi investigada. Objetivo Avaliar a correlação entre os parâmetros salivares (Fe) e séricos (Fe, ferritina e hemoglobina) em gestantes e o desenvolvimento de cárie dentária. Métodos Uma coorte prospectiva foi conduzida com 59 mulheres. O desfecho de interesse foi representado por novas lesões de cárie durante a gravidez, medido pelo critério Nyvad. Mulheres grávidas foram avaliadas em três tempos clínicos: até a 16ª semana de idade gestacional (IG) (T1), no último trimestre de gravidez (T2), e no puerpério (T3), na Unidade Materno-infantil do Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal do Maranhão. A amostra de saliva estimulada foi coletada para análise bioquímica de Fe salivar, e a amostra de sangue foi coletada no início da manhã. A correlação entre o Fe salivar e o Fe sérico foi avaliada através do teste de correlação de Pearson. Os testes ANOVA e Kruskal-Wallis foram utilizados para comparar parâmetros de anemia em diferentes momentos. Os testes t de Student e Mann-Whitney foram utilizados para comparar os parâmetros da anemia entre os grupos de gestantes (come sem lesões de cárie). Resultados As concentrações séricas de Fe foram maiores no primeiro trimestre de gestação e menores após o parto (p = 0,036). Observou-se também que as concentrações de ferritina forammaiores no primeiro trimestre emenores no final da gestação (p = 0,011). Não houve associação entre as exposições e o desenvolvimento de cárie dentária. Houve correlação positiva entre o Fe sérico em T1 e o Fe salivar em T2 (p < 0,05). Conclusão Os marcadores séricos de anemia foram mais prevalentes no último trimestre de gestação.

Differences in Hepatic Expression of Iron, Inflammation and Stress-Related Genes in Patients with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis

Abstract: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. We have previously shown that hepatic reticuloendothelial system (RES) iron deposition is associated with an advanced degree of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in humans. In this study, we aimed to determine differentially expressed genes related to iron overload, inflammation and oxidative stress pathways, with the goal of identifying factors associated with NASH progression. Seventy five patients with NAFLD were evaluated for their biochemical parameters and their liver tissue analyzed for NASH histological characteristics. Gene expression analysis of pathways related to iron homeostasis, inflammation and oxidative stress was performed using real-time PCR. Gene expression was compared between subjects based on disease status and presence of hepatic iron staining. We observed increased gene expression of hepcidin (HAMP) (2.3 fold, p = 0.027), transmembrane serine proteinase 6 (TMPRSS6) (8.4 fold, p = 0.003), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) (5.5 fold, p = 0.004), proinflammatory cytokines; IL-1β (2.7 fold, p = 0.046) and TNF-α (3.8 fold, p = 0.001) in patients with NASH. TMPRSS6, a negative regulator of HAMP, is overexpressed in patients with NASH and HIF1α (hypoxia inducible factor-1) is downregulated. NAFLD patients with hepatic iron deposition exhibited higher hepcidin expression (3.1 fold, p = 0.04) but lower expression of cytokines. In conclusion, we observed elevated hepatic HAMP expression in patients with NASH and in NAFLD patients who had hepatic iron deposition, while proinflammatory cytokines displayed elevated expression only in patients with NASH, suggesting a regulatory role for hepcidin in NAFL to NASH transition and in mitigating inflammatory responses.

Effects of seasonal variations and collection methods on the mineral composition of propolis from Apis mellifera Linnaeus Beehives / Efeitos de variações sazonais e métodos de coleta sobre a composição mineral de própolis de colmeias de Apis mellifera Linnaeus

Abstract The effects of seasonal variations and the methods of collection of propolis produced by Africanized honey bees Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758, on the composition of constituent minerals such as magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), and potassium (K) were evaluated. Propolis was harvested from 25 beehives by scraping or by means of propolis collectors (screen, “intelligent” collector propolis [ICP], lateral opening of the super [LOS], and underlay method). During the one-year study, the propolis produced was harvested each month, ground, homogenized, and stored in a freezer at -10 ºC. Seasonal analyses of the mineral composition were carried out by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and the results were evaluated by analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey-Kramer’s test to compare the mean values (p<0.05). The results showed that seasonal variations influence the contents of 5 minerals (Mg, Fe, Na, Ca, and Cu), and the propolis harvesting method affects the contents of 4 minerals (Mg, Zn, Fe, and Ca).

Resumo A influência da sazonalidade e de métodos de produção de própolis por abelhas africanizadas Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758, sobre a concentração de magnésio (Mg), zinco (Zn), ferro (Fe), sódio (Na), cálcio (Ca), cobre (Cu) e potássio (K) foram avaliados. 25 colmeias foram utilizadas, e a colheita de propolis ocorreu por raspagem ou a partir de coletores (tela, coletor de própolis “inteligente” – CPI, abertura lateral da melgueira – ALM e calço). Durante um ano a própolis foi colhida mensalmente, homogeneizada e armazenada em freezer a -10 ºC. A análise sazonal de minerais foi realizada por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica e os resultados avaliados por análise de variância (ANOVA) seguida do teste de Tukey-Kramer para comparação de médias (p<0,05). Os resultados demostraram que a sazonalidade afetou o conteúdo de cinco minerais (Mg, Fe, Na, Ca e Cu) e os métodos de coleta afetaram o conteúdo de quatro minerais (Mg, Zn, Fe e Ca).

Salinity-induced changes in the morphology and major mineral nutrient composition of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L) accessions

This study was undertaken to determine the effects of varied salinity regimes on the morphological traits (plant height, number of leaves, number of flowers, fresh and dry weight) and major mineral composition of 13 selected purslane accessions. Most of the morphological traits measured were reduced at varied salinity levels (0.0, 8, 16, 24 and 32 dS m-1), but plant height was found to increase in Ac1 at 16 dS m-1 salinity, and Ac13 was the most affected accession. The highest reductions in the number of leaves and number of flowers were recorded in Ac13 at 32 dS m-1 salinity compared to the control. The highest fresh and dry weight reductions were noted in Ac8 and Ac6, respectively, at 32 dS m-1 salinity, whereas the highest increase in both fresh and dry weight was recorded in Ac9 at 24 dS m-1 salinity compared to the control. In contrast, at lower salinity levels, all of the measured mineral levels were found to increase and later decrease with increasing salinity, but the performance of different accessions was different depending on the salinity level. A dendrogram was also constructed by UPGMA based on the morphological traits and mineral compositions, in which the 13 accessions were grouped into 5 clusters, indicating greater diversity among them. A three-dimensional principal component analysis also confirmed the output of grouping from cluster analysis.

Avaliação do papel do ferro e de proteínas envolvidas em seu metabolismo na infecção in vitro de macrófagos por Leishmania amazonenses ou Leishmania major / Iron paper and evaluation of proteins involved in the metabolism of macrophages in vitro infection by Leishmania amazonenses or Leishmania major

A leishmaniose é uma antropozoonose causada por protozoários do gênero Leishmania e é considerada uma das principais doenças negligenciadas. Modelos experimentais são amplamente utilizados para uma melhor compreensão da doença e dos mecanismos relacionados à resistência e susceptibilidade à infecção. Macrófagos de camundongos CBA controlam a infecção por Leishmania major ao passo que são permissivos a Leishmania amazonensis. Além disso, estudos baseados em abordagem proteômica demonstraram padrões distintos de expressão proteica em macrófagos derivados de medula óssea (BMMΦ) infectados por essas espécies de Leishmania. Dentre as proteínas diferentemente expressas, foram identificadas proteínas envolvidas no metabolismo de ferro moduladas positivamente em macrófagos infectados por L. amazonensis. Adicionalmente, embora ainda existam controvérsias, diversos estudos têm abordado a participação do elemento ferro na interação parasito-hospedeiro e no estabelecimento das infecções por tripanossomatídeos, incluindo Leishmania. Assim, para melhor compreender os mecanismos envolvidos nessa doença, o presente estudo buscou explorar o modelo comparativo de resistência e suscetibilidade do camundongo CBA para determinar o papel do ferro na infecção por Leishmania. Nossa hipótese é que a expressão de proteínas envolvidas no metabolismo de ferro é modulada diferentemente em macrófagos de camundongos CBA infectados por L. amazonensis, em comparação à L. major, favorecendo a sobrevivência intracelular do parasito. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar a expressão de proteínas que participam do metabolismo de ferro, como receptor de transferrina (Tf), CD71, e heme oxigenasse-1, HO-1, e determinar o efeito da modulação da disponibilidade de ferro na infecção por Leishmania. Observamos maior expressão de HO-1 em BMMΦ infectados por L. amazonensis (18,34 ± SD ng/mL), quando comparados a BMMΦ infectados por L. major (7,07 ± SD ng/mL), utilizando ELISA. Maior expressão de CD71 também foi observada na infecção por L. amazonensis (MFI 2.103) em comparação à infecção por L. major (MFI 472), utilizando FACS, além de uma maior ligação e captação de HoloTf (Tf carregada com ferro). Embora tenha sido observado que essas proteínas encontram-se diferentemente expressas em BMMΦ infectados por essas duas espécies de Leishmania, não foram observadas diferenças significativas na concentração intracelular do ferro. Em seguida, ensaios funcionais a partir da modulação da disponibilidade intracelular de ferro foram realizados com o objetivo de avaliar seu papel no desfecho da infecção por Leishmania. Os resultados mostraram que a depleção de ferro reduz em 90% o percentual de BMMΦ infectados por L. amazonensis e 70% dos infectados por L. major...

Leishmaniasis is an anthropozoonosis caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania and is considered one of the main neglected diseases. Animal models are widely used to better understand the disease and the mechanisms involved in resistance and susceptibility to infection. CBA mouse macrophages control the infection by L. major, while are permissive to L. amazonensis. Proteomic studies showed different protein profiles in bone marrow macrophages (BMMΦ) infected these species of Leishmania. We also observed that proteins involved in iron metabolism were positively modulated in L. amazonensis-infected macrophages. In addition, although literature review showed controverse data, several studies have addressed the role iron plays in host-parasite interaction and the establishment of trypanosomatids infections, including Leishmania. To better understand the mechanisms of the disease, this study sought to evaluate in a comparative model of resistance and susceptibility, using CBA macrophages, the role iron plays in Leishmania infection. Our hypothesis is that the expression of proteins involved in iron metabolism is differently modulated in CBA mice macrophages infected with L. amazonensis in comparison to L. major, favoring the intracellular survival of the parasite. Our goal was to evaluate the expression of proteins involved in iron metabolism of CBA mice macrophages, such as transferrin receptor (Tf), CD71, and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and determine the effect of the modulation of intracellular iron in Leishmania infection. Using ELISA, we confirmed a higher expression of HO-1 in L. amazonensis- (18.34 ng/mL) compared to L. major-infected CBA macrophages (7.07 ng/mL). Using FACS analysis, CD71 showed to be higher expressed in L. amazonensis- (MFI 2.103) than in L. major-infected macrophages (MFI 472), in addition to higher binding and take up of HoloTf in these cells. Although it has been observed that proteins involved in iron metabolism were differently expressed in BMMΦ infected with these Leishmania species, no significant differences were observed in intracellular iron concentration. To further evaluate the role iron plays in the outcome of Leishmania infection, we modulated iron availability to Leishmania-infected cells using iron chelates or iron supplements. The results show that iron depletion reduces in 90% L. amazonensis infection and in 70% L. major infection. In addition, iron supplementation increased the percentage of L. amazonensis-infected cells from 69.64 to 82.79% and parasite load from 2,996 to 4,001 Leishmania/cell, as well as in the intracellular viability of both Leishmania species. In sum, these data indicate that although there is a positive modulation...

Estado nutricional relativo ao ferro e zinco de mães de recém-nascidos de risco / Nutritional status of iron and zinc in mothers of medium risk newborns

Objetivo: O presente estudo avaliou o estado nutricional relativo ao ferro e zinco em m�es de beb�s de risco. M�todos: Foi conduzido em 125 mulheres, que se encontravam no per�odo puerperal, com tempo m�dio de 10,2 dias. O estado nutricional do ferro foi avaliado por meio das concentra��es de hemoglobina, pelo m�todo da cianometahemoglobina, e da ferritina, por ensaio imunoenzim�tico. O zinco foi determinado no plasma e nos eritr�citos, por espectrofotometria de absor��o at�mica. O consumo diet�tico para macronutrientes, ferro e zinco, foi analisado no programa Dietsys, vers�o 4.01. Para compara��o das m�dias, foi utilizado o teste T student, adotando- se 5% como n�vel de signific�ncia. Resultados: A m�dia de hemoglobina nas m�es foi de 10,03�2,31 g/dL. A mediana da ferritina encontrada foi de 38,29 ng/mL, variando de 3,49 a 413,09 ng/mL. A m�dia do zinco plasm�tico foi de 56,20�13,10 ?gZn/dL e, nos eritr�citos, de 49,56�16,48 ?gZn/gHb, sendo, nestes �ltimos, mais elevada nas m�es de beb�s a termo do que nas m�es de prematuros (p = 0,001). Quanto ao consumo alimentar, as m�dias di�rias para energia, zinco e ferro foram de 2043,05�889,64 kcal, 10,73�6,89 mg e 17,66�8,40 mg, respectivamente. O consumo abaixo do recomendado para o per�odo gestacional foi identificado em 56,0% e 73,6% das mulheres, em rela��o ao zinco e ferro, respectivamente. Conclus�es: As baixas concentra��es de hemoglobina encontradas nas pu�rperas n�o refletiram na idade gestacional e no peso ao nascer. As m�dias de zinco nos eritr�citos estavam dentro dos valores de normalidade, sendo mais elevadas nas m�es de rec�m-nascidos a termo do que nas m�es de prematuros.

Objective: The present study assessed the nutritional status of iron and zinc in mothers of infants at risk. Methods: The study was conducted on 125 women, who were in the postpartum period, with a mean of 10.2 days. The nutritional status of iron was evaluated by means of hemoglobin by the cyanmethemoglobin method and ferritin by enzyme immunoassay. Zinc was determined in plasma and erythrocytes by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The dietary intake of macronutrients, iron and zinc was analyzed using the Dietsys program, version 4.01. The T student test, adopting a 5% significance level, was used for comparison of means. Results: The mean hemoglobin in mothers was 10.03 � 2.31 g / dL. The median ferritin was 38.29 ng / mL, ranging from 3.49 to 413.09 ng / ml. The means of zinc were 56.20 � 13.10 ?gZn / dL in plasma and 49.56 � 16.48 ?gZn / gHb in erythrocytes, with the latter being higher in mothers of term infants compared with mothers of preterm infants (p = 0.001). As for food intake, the daily averages for energy, zinc and iron were 2043.05 � 889.64 kcal, 10.73 � 6.89 mg, and 17.66 � 8.40 mg, respectively. Consumption below recommendations for pregnancy was identified in 56.0% and 73.6% of the women investigated for zinc and iron, respectively. Conclusions: The low hemoglobin concentrations found in the mothers assessed did not affect gestational age and birth weight. The mean of zinc in erythrocytes was within normal range, being higher in mothers of newborns at term than in mothers of preterm newborns.

Serum iron level; patients with Helicobacter pylori infection

To determine the serum iron level in Helicobacter pylori infected patients. This cross sectional descriptive study was conducted at Liaquat University Hospital [a tertiary care teaching hospital] Hyderabad from July 2013 to December 2013. All the patients with history of presented with acute abdominal pain, dyspepsia, bloating and epigastric discomfort were evaluated for Helicobacter pylori infection by serology. Thereafter the Helicobacter pylori positive individuals were further evaluated for serum iron level. The data was collected, saved and analyzed in SPSS version 11.00. During six month study period total one hundred patients of H. pylori infection was recruited, of which sixty three [63%] were males and thirty seven were females. Sixty six [66%] patients belonged to urban areas while thirty four [34%] were rural population. The mean age +/- SD for overall population was 37.35 +/- 14.0 where as the mean age +/- SD of male and female population was 38.88 +/- 6.77 and 35.67 +/- 8.87 respectively. The serum iron was low in 68% Helicobacter pylori infected patients, of which 48 were males and 20 were females [p=0.02]. The overall mean +/- SD for serum iron level in study population was 49.17 +/- 37.86 mmol/L whereas the mean +/- SD of serum iron for male and female Helicobacter pylori infected population was 42.69 +/- 34.15 and 60.18 +/- 41.66 [p=0.03]. An association was identified between Helicobacter pylori and iron deficiency

Influence of rootstocks on growth, yield, fruit quality and leaf mineral element contents of pear cv. 'Santa Maria' in semi-arid conditions

BACKGROUND: Rootstocks play an essential role to determining orchard performance of fruit trees. Pyrus communisand Cydonia oblonga are widely used rootstocks for European pear cultivars. The lack of rootstocks adapted to different soil conditions and different grafted cultivars is widely acknowledged in pear culture. Cydonia rootstocks (clonal) and Pyrus rootstocks (seedling or clonal) have their advantages and disadvantages. In each case, site-specific environmental characteristics, specific cultivar response and production objectives must be considered before choosing the best rootstock. In this study, the influence of three Quince (BA 29, Quince A = MA, Quince C = MC) and a local European pear seedling rootstocks on the scion yield, some fruit quality characteristics and leaf macro (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) and micro element (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn and B) content of 'Santa Maria' pear (Pyrus communis L.) were investigated. RESULTS: Trees on seedling rootstock had the highest annual yield, highest cumulative yield (kg tree(-1)), largest trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA), lowest yield efficiency and lowest cumulative yield (ton ha(-1)) in the 10th year after planting. The rootstocks had no significant effect on average fruit weight and fruit volume. Significantly higher fruit firmness was obtained on BA 29 and Quince A. The effect of rootstocks on the mineral element accumulation (N, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn and B) was significant. Leaf analysis showed that rootstocks used had different mineral uptake efficiencies throughout the early season. CONCLUSION: The results showed that the rootstocks strongly affected fruit yield, fruit quality and leaf mineral element uptake of 'Santa Maria' pear cultivar. Pear seedling and BA 29 rootstock found to be more prominent in terms of several characteristics for 'Santa Maria' pear cultivar that is grown in highly calcareous soil in semi-arid climate conditions. We determined the highest N, P (although insignificant), K, Ca, Mg, Fe and Cu mineral element concentrations on the pear seedling and BA 29 rootstocks. According to the results, we recommend the seedling rootstock for normal density plantings (400 trees ha(-1)) and BA 29 rootstock for high-density plantings (800 trees ha(-1)) for 'Santa Maria' pear cultivar in semi-arid conditions.

Evaluación del estado del Hierro y la Vitamina A en niños de la etnia Warao del estado Sucre, Venezuela / Assessing ofIronand Vitamin A status in children of Warao ethnic group of Sucre state in Venezuela

El propósito del estudio fue evaluar el estado del hierro y la vitamina A, en niños de la etnia Warao, perteneciente a las comunidades de María López y Los Barrancos, del estado Sucre. Se evaluó el consumo de alimentos,indicadores bioquímicos y antropométricos a 64 niños Warao en edades comprendidas entre los 3 y 10 años. Se encontró una adecuación deficiente del consumo de hierroen 56,8%,la mayoría provino defuentes no hem: cereales (37,8%), harina de maíz precocida fortificada (33,47%), harina de trigo (2,72%) y casabe (32,98%); el hierro hémico provino de pescados (37,49%). Se presentó déficit en la adecuación del consumo de la vitamina A en 97,3%, las fuentes fueron cereales (harina de maíz precocida), huevos y lácteos. El diagnóstico nutricional antropométrico por combinación de indicadores de dimensión corporal, arrojó que el 75,0% se encuentra en normalidad. Para los estudios bioquímicos: el 93,76% tiene deficiencia de retinol; 40,63% deficiencia severa. El 100% y 70,3% presentó niveles normales de hierro y ferritina sérica, respectivamente. La concentración de hemoglobina, reveló 70,3% de anemia. Existe prevalencia de 92,45% de parasitosis intestinal (Trichuristrichura, Ascarislumbricoides y Ancylostomideos). Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas de niveles séricos de ferritina y asociaciones parasitarias. La alta prevalencia de anemia, deficiencia de vitamina A y parasitosis, indican la existencia de un déficit nutricional en cuanto al hierro y la vitamina A, que puede deberse a la baja disponibilidad de alimentos, el consumo insuficiente de nutrientes y un aprovechamiento biológico disminuido.

The purpose of this study was to assess the iron and vitamin A status in children of Warao ethnic group, belonging to communitiesMaríaLópez and Los Barrancos in Sucre State. We evaluated food intake, anthropometric and biochemical markers in 64 Warao children with ages between 3 and 10 years. A deficient consumption of iron was found in 56,8%, most from non-heme sources: cereals (37,8%), corn flour fortified (33,47%), wheat flour (2,72%) andcasabe (32,98%);heme iron came from fish(37,49%).In the intake of vitamin A the deficit was presented in97,3%,sources were cereals (corn flour fortified), eggs and dairy. The anthropometric-nutritional diagnosis by combination of body dimension indicators showed that 75.0% is in normality.For biochemical studies: 93.76% has retinol deficiency;40,63% severe deficiency. The 100% and 70.3% had normal levels of serum iron and ferritin, respectively. The hemoglobin concentration revealed 70.3% of anemia. There was a high prevalence (92,45%) of intestinal parasitosis (Trichuristrichura, Ascarislumbricoides y Ancylostomideos). There were statistically significant differences in serum ferritin and parasitic associations.The high prevalence of anemia, vitamin A deficiency and parasitosis,indicate the existence of nutritional deficit in iron and vitamin A,which may be due to the low availability of food, insufficient consumption of nutrients and biological utilization decreased.

Algoritmos de laboratorio para el estudio del estado del hierro / Laboratory algorithms for the study of iron status / Algoritmos de laboratório para o estudo do estado do ferro

La disponibilidad adecuada de hierro (Fe) es esencial para el desarrollo humano y la salud en general. El Fe es un componente clave de las proteínas portadoras de oxígeno, tiene un papel fundamental en el metabolismo celular y es esencial para el crecimiento y diferenciación celular. La ingesta inadecuada de Fe en la dieta, las condiciones inflamatorias crónicas o agudas y numerosas patologías están asociadas con alteraciones en la homeostasis de este metal. La regulación estricta del metabolismo del Fe es necesaria pues el Fe libre es altamente tóxico y los seres humanos sólo pueden excretar pequeñas cantidades a través del sudor, la piel, el enterocito y eliminarlo por pérdidas en procesos normales y patológicos. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los algoritmos para la evaluación preliminar tanto de la deficiencia como de la sobrecarga de Fe, sobre la base de diferentes parámetros, algunos accesibles, de simple resolución y que pueden ser efectuados en todos los laboratorios de análisis clínicos. Entre ellos, se analizarán el hemograma con los Índices hematimétricos, Reticulocitos, Fe sérico, Capacidad Total de Fijación de Hierro (CTFH) para calcular el Índice de Saturación de Transferrina (ISTf) y también el dosaje de Ferritina (Ft), todas mediciones que integran el "estudio del estado del hierro". Asimismo, se exponen y se consideran otros marcadores de uso poco frecuente en este medio, como la Protoporfirina Eritrocitaria Libre (PEL), la Eritropoyetina (EPO), entre otras, que ayudan desde el laboratorio al diagnóstico de una anemia. En los casos de sospecha de una sobrecarga de Fe, si bien la confirmación diagnóstica se realiza por estudios genéticos, como estudio inicial se reafirma la evaluación del paciente por medio del "estudio del estado del hierro" y especialmente el dosaje de Fe sérico y del ISTf para seguimiento del tratamiento instaurado. En las últimas décadas, se han producido importantes conocimientos sobre el metabolismo del Fe que han permitido descubrir otras proteínas que intervienen en el transporte, absorción, reciclaje y balance del Fe plasmático. Entre estas, existen marcadores séricos que podrían sumarse a los algoritmos propuestos y ellos son el Receptor de Transferrina (RTf) y la Hepcidina (Hp). Como conclusión, se destaca la necesidad de medir más de un marcador del "estado del hierro" para establecer el diagnóstico de una deficiencia o de un exceso de Fe.

Adequate availability of iron (Fe) is essential for human development and overall health. Iron is a key component of the oxygen-carrying proteins, it has a fundamental role in cellular metabolism, and it is essential for cell growth and differentiation. Inadequate intake of Fe in the diet, chronic or acute inflammatory conditions and many diseases are associated with alterations in the homeostasis of this metal. Strict regulation of Fe metabolism is necessary because free Fe is highly toxic and humans can excrete only small amounts through sweat, skin, and enterocyte loss in normal and pathological processes. The objective of this work is to analyze algorithms for the preliminary assessment of both Fe deficiency and overload, based on different parameters, some simple resolution ones that can be performed in all clinical laboratories. Among them, CBC, Hematimetric Indices, Reticulocytes, serum Fe, Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) will be considered to calculate Transferrin Saturation Index (TfSI) and Ferritin Dosage (Ft), all measurements being part of the "study of iron status." Other markers of less frequent use in our region will also be considered, such as Free Erythrocyte Protoporphyrin (FEP), and Erythropoietin (EPO), among others, that help, from the laboratory in the diagnosis of anemia. In cases of suspected Fe overload, although the diagnosis was confirmed by genetic studies performed as initial study, the patient assessment is reaffirmed through the "study of iron status" and especially serum Fe and TfSI dosage for monitoring treatment underway. In recent decades, important insights on Fe metabolism have yielded more knowledge on other proteins involved in the transport, absorption, recycling and plasmatic Fe balance. Among these, there are serum markers that could be added to the proposed algorithms, which are Transferrin Receptor (TfR) and Hepcidin (Hp). In conclusion, the need to measure more than one analyte of the "iron status" is highlighted in order to establish the diagnosis of Fe deficiency or excess.

A disponibilidade adequada de ferro (Fe) é essencial para o desenvolvimento humano e para a saúde em geral. O Fe é um componente fundamental das proteínas transportadoras de oxigénio, tem um papel fundamental no metabolismo celular, e é essencial para o crescimento e diferenciagäo celular. A ingestäo inadequada de Fe na dieta, as condigöes inflamatorias crónicas ou agudas e inúmeras doengas estäo associadas a alteragöes na homeostase deste metal. A regulagäo rigorosa do metabolismo do Fe é necessària porque o Fe livre é altamente tóxico e os seres humanos apenas podem excretar pequenas quantidades através do suor, pele, enterócitos e eliminà-lo por perdas em processos normais e patológicos. O objectivo deste trabalho é analisar algoritmos para a avaliagäo prévia tanto da deficiéncia quanto do excesso de Fe, com base em diferentes parámetros, alguns acessíveis, de simples resolugäo e que podem ser realizados em todos os laboratorios clínicos. Dentre eles seräo analisados o hemograma com Índices hematimétricos, Reticulócitos, Fe sérico, Capacidade Total de Fixagäo do Ferro (CTFF) para calcular o Índice de Saturagäo da Transferrina (IST) e também a dosagem de Ferritina (Ft), todas elas medigóes que integram o "estudo do estado do ferro". Também sào expostos e considerados outros marcadores de uso pouco frequente nesse meio, como a Protoporfirina Eritrocitària Livre (PEL), a Eritropoietina (EPO), dentre outros, que ajudam a partir do laboratório ao diagnóstico de uma anemia. Nos casos de suspeita de um excesso de Fe, embora o diagnóstico seja confirmado através de estudos genéticos, como estudo inicial é reafirmada a avaliagäo do paciente por meio do "estudo do estado do ferro" e especialmente a dosagem de Fe sérico e do IST para o seguimento do tratamento instaurado. Nas últimas décadas, houve importantes co-nhecimentos a respeito do metabolismo do Fe que permitiram descobrir outras proteínas envolvidas no transporte, absorgäo, reciclagem e balango do Fe plasmàtico. Dentre elas, hà marcadores séricos que poderiam se unir aos algoritmos propostos e eles säo o Receptor de Transferrina (Tf) e Hepcidina (Hp). Em conclusäo, destaca-se a necessidade de medir mais de um marcador do "estado do ferro", para estabelecer o diagnóstico de uma deficiéncia ou de um excesso de Fe.

Concentrações de ferro, cobre, zinco e manganês em equinos da raça Puro-sangue Lusitano, antes e após exercício / Serum concentration of iron, copper, zinc and manganese in Pure-bred Lusitano horses, before and after exercise

O presente trabalho objetivou determinar a atividade sérica dos microminerais ferro, cobre, zinco e manganês em 30 equinos atletas da raça Puro-sangue Lusitano (PSL), antes e depois de exercícios, atestados por avaliações clínicas e laboratoriais. Amostras de sangue foram colhidas, antes e imediatamente após 20 minutos de exercício físico de trote e galope suaves realizados em pista de areia, para a realização das dosagens dos microminerais. A concentração dos microelementos foi determinada por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica. Observou-se que após o exercício, a atividade sérica de ferro não sofreu variações (P=0,2365), enquanto os valores de cobre se elevaram significativamente após o treinamento (P<0,001). Já o zinco e o manganês diminuíram após o exercício (P<0,001). Pode-se concluir que o exercício físico de curta duração pode gerar sudorese capaz de alterar as concentrações séricas de ferro, cobre, zinco e manganês em cavalos atletas da raça Puro-sangue Lusitano.

In order to evaluate the sera concentrations of iron, copper, zinc and manganese trace minerals in thirty Pure-bred Lusitano athlete horses before and after exercise certified by clinical and laboratory assessments were studied. Blood samples were taken before and after 20 minutes of a dairy trot and gallop slight training, perfomed in a sandy floor ring, to measure the mineral concentrations, by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. It was observed that after exercising, the serum activity of iron did not change (P=0.2365), whereas copper values have significantly risen after training (P<0.001). On the other hand, zinc and manganese trace minerals decreased after exercise (P<0.001). In conclusion, it is possible to consider that the short time exercise may trigger sweating and consequently to change the serum concentration of iron, cooper, zinc and manganese in Pure-bred Lusitano athlete horses.